What is Emacs?

Emacs is an open-source, extensible text editor used primarily for programming, though it can be used for a variety of tasks, from writing and editing to project management. Originally created by Richard Stallman in 1976, Emacs has since evolved into one of the most powerful and customizable text editors in the world, beloved by developers, writers, and other power users.

Emacs offers a highly customizable environment where users can define and extend its behavior using the Emacs Lisp programming language. The core philosophy of Emacs revolves around being self-documenting, extendable, and operable on almost any computing platform, from Unix-based systems to Windows.

Emacs is more than just a text editor—it’s often described as a “computing environment” because of its wide range of features and integrations, including file management, version control, web browsing, and more.

Key Features of Emacs:

1. Extensibility: Emacs is not just a text editor but a complete environment that can be customized and extended using Emacs Lisp.
2. Customization: Users can configure every part of Emacs, from key bindings to complex workflows, allowing an unparalleled level of personalization.
3. Integrated Environment: Emacs integrates tools for version control (Git, SVN), text editing, email, file browsing, and much more, all within the same interface.
4. Cross-Platform: Emacs can run on various platforms, including Linux, Windows, macOS, and more, ensuring accessibility across different systems.
5. Robust Community: Emacs has a vibrant, active community, offering numerous plugins, packages, and resources to extend its capabilities further.

While Emacs has a steep learning curve, it is highly powerful and flexible, making it a preferred choice for many programmers, scientists, and writers.

What Are the Major Use Cases of Emacs?

Emacs is versatile and is used for a wide range of tasks. Below are some of the major use cases of Emacs:

1. Software Development:

• Use Case: Emacs is widely used by developers for writing and editing code. It supports multiple programming languages (e.g., Python, C/C++, JavaScript, Ruby) with syntax highlighting, code completion, and linting.
• Example: A developer working on a Python project might use Emacs to write and run Python scripts, check for syntax errors, and view documentation all within the same interface.
• Why Emacs? Emacs offers a customizable development environment with powerful features like auto-completion, integrated debugging, and version control systems like Git.

2. Text Editing and Writing:

• Use Case: Emacs is a great tool for general-purpose text editing and writing, supporting rich text formats (e.g., Markdown, LaTeX) and allowing users to organize their thoughts.
• Example: Writers can use Emacs to write blog posts in Markdown, format LaTeX documents for publication, or edit plain text files.
• Why Emacs? Emacs provides extensive features for manipulating text, from simple tasks (like searching and replacing) to advanced functionality (such as automated formatting and spell checking).

3. Project Management:

• Use Case: With its powerful file navigation and project management tools, Emacs allows developers and professionals to manage large projects with ease. Features like dired (directory editor) and org-mode help with task management and documentation.
• Example: A software engineer working on a large project could use Emacs to manage project files, track TODOs, and write documentation, all in one place.
• Why Emacs? Emacs integrates version control, task lists, and file navigation tools to allow users to stay organized and productive within one editor.

4. Writing and Note-Taking:

• Use Case: Emacs supports org-mode, a powerful tool for organizing notes, to-do lists, and projects in a hierarchical manner. It is particularly popular among people who need to manage their tasks, calendars, and notes.
• Example: A researcher might use org-mode to take notes during research, organize thoughts in a structured manner, and track tasks associated with their projects.
• Why Emacs? org-mode enables users to manage their notes in an organized, customizable, and efficient way, with easy integration into other tasks like email and calendar management.

5. Email Management:

• Use Case: Emacs has robust packages such as Mu4e and Gnus that allow users to manage their email directly within Emacs. This feature is highly useful for people who prefer staying within a single tool for productivity.
• Example: A user can read, send, and organize their emails in Emacs, without needing to open a separate email client or web application.
• Why Emacs? Emacs integrates email handling with many other tools, providing a streamlined workflow for users who prefer using a single environment for all tasks.

How Emacs Works Along with Architecture?

Emacs works with a layered architecture, integrating various components and tools that make it a powerful and customizable environment. Below is an overview of how Emacs works:

1. Core Emacs:

• At the heart of Emacs is the Emacs Lisp interpreter, which allows users to interact with and extend the editor using the Lisp programming language. This gives users the ability to write custom functions, key bindings, and scripts to automate their workflow.
• Core Features: The core of Emacs includes buffers (editing windows), major modes (for language-specific features like syntax highlighting), minor modes (for additional functionalities like line numbering), and key bindings (for user-defined commands).

2. Extensibility with Emacs Lisp:

• The power of Emacs lies in its extensibility through Emacs Lisp. This dynamic scripting language allows users to create and load custom scripts that modify or extend Emacs functionality.
• Example: Users can create custom key bindings, define functions for specific tasks, and create powerful extensions like calendar integration or email management.

3. Emacs Packages:

• Emacs Packages are collections of pre-written Lisp code that extend the functionality of Emacs. These packages can be installed via package managers like MELPA or ELPA, and they offer various features such as Git integration, syntax highlighting for new languages, advanced text search, and project management.
• Example: A developer can install the Magit package to integrate Git version control directly within Emacs, allowing them to perform Git operations such as commit, push, and merge without leaving the editor.

4. Buffer and Window System:

• Emacs uses a buffer system, where every open file or document is represented by a buffer. These buffers can be split into multiple windows, allowing users to view and edit multiple files simultaneously.
• Example: A user working on two different files can have both files open in side-by-side windows (splitting the screen) to make comparisons and edits more efficiently.

5. Modes in Emacs:

• Emacs has major modes (for language-specific features like Python, HTML, C++) and minor modes (for additional features like spell checking, line numbering, syntax highlighting). Modes enhance the usability and efficiency of Emacs for specific tasks.
• Example: When editing Python code, the Python mode provides features like auto-indentation, syntax highlighting, and code completion.

6. Communication with External Tools:

• Emacs supports integration with external tools such as compilers, debuggers, shells, and version control systems. Users can invoke these tools directly within Emacs, eliminating the need to switch between multiple applications.
• Example: A programmer can run a Python script directly from within Emacs, debug it using Emacs’s built-in debugger, and then commit changes to a Git repository.

What Are the Basic Workflow of Emacs?

Emacs provides a highly customizable and flexible workflow. Below is an overview of the basic workflow:

1. Opening Files and Buffers:

• Files are opened in buffers, and each buffer corresponds to an open file or document.
• You can open a file using the command:

C-x C-f  # Open file command

2. Navigating Within Files:

• You can navigate within a file using simple commands such as:

C-x C-s  # Save file
C-x C-c  # Exit Emacs
C-p      # Move up one line
C-n      # Move down one line
C-b      # Move left by one character
C-f      # Move right by one character

3. Customizing the Environment:

• Emacs allows you to customize nearly every aspect of your editing environment, including key bindings, themes, and plugins.
• Example: You can change the color theme with the command M-x load-theme, or you can define custom keybindings for frequently used tasks.

4. Working with Multiple Windows and Buffers:

• Emacs lets you work with multiple windows (for side-by-side editing) and buffers (for opened files).
• Example: You can split your screen into multiple windows using commands like:

C-x 2  # Split window horizontally
C-x 3  # Split window vertically

5. Using Package Managers:

• You can install packages and extensions to expand the functionality of Emacs. The most common package manager is MELPA (Milkypostman’s Emacs Lisp Package Archive).
• Example: To install the Magit package for Git integration, you would use:

M-x package-install RET magit RET

6. Saving and Closing Files:

• To save your changes, use the standard save command C-x C-s, and to exit Emacs, use C-x C-c.

Step-by-Step Getting Started Guide for Emacs

Step 1: Install Emacs

• On Linux:

sudo apt-get install emacs  # For Ubuntu-based systems
sudo yum install emacs      # For Fedora-based systems

• On macOS:
  Use Homebrew to install Emacs:

brew install emacs

• On Windows:
  Download the installer from the official Emacs website.

Step 2: Basic Usage

1. Open Emacs by typing emacs in the terminal or launching it from your desktop.
2. Open a file using the command C-x C-f.
3. Start typing and navigating within the file using the arrow keys or Emacs commands.

Step 3: Customize Your Setup

• Open the Emacs init file to customize your environment (e.g., themes, keybindings).

C-x C-f ~/.emacs

Step 4: Install Packages

• Use the package manager to install additional features. For example, to install Magit for Git integration:

M-x package-install RET magit RET

Step 5: Explore Emacs Modes

• Explore the various major modes for programming languages or writing formats. Switch between modes using M-x, followed by the desired mode name (e.g., python-mode).

The post Complete Guide to Emacs: Features, Use Cases, Architecture, and Getting Started appeared first on scmGalaxy.

Monitor processes continuously. Updates every 3 seconds by default. Displays useful information such as total memory, memory in use, % of total memory used by each process, % cpu usage of each process, and process ID (PID) of each process. Type ‘h’ for help or ‘q’ to quit. To stop (‘kill’) a process, type ‘k’ and enter the PID of the process, then enter the signal for the ‘kill’ command (see below) or press Enter to use the default signal (terminate).

top
Useful options:
-d Specify time between updates
-u List processes for user
-p List process with ID
-n Specify number of iterations before quitting

Regards,
Rajesh Kumar
Twitt me @ twitter.com/RajeshKumarIn

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How to find installed application directory in unix?

rajeshkumar replied the topic: Re:find application instance directory in unix

use Which command

I mean

which java
which perl
which ant
which p4
which svn

You will get location of the apps installed in your machine.
Regards,
Rajesh Kumar
Twitt me @ twitter.com/RajeshKumarIn

rajeshkumar replied the topic: Re:find application instance directory in unix
To search for anything with the terminal, you can either use the commands locate or which.
Locate is used more like a keyword-based search function. For example, if you type in a terminal:

locate java

Regards,
Rajesh Kumar
Twitt me @ twitter.com/RajeshKumarIn

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top show system stats and top CPU using processes
uptime show one line summary of system status
who who is on the system and what they are doing
more show text file on display terminal with paging control
uname Knowing machine characteristics such as OS, version etc..

Please add your collection…

Regards,
Rajesh Kumar
Twitt me @ twitter.com/RajeshKumarIn

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rajeshkumar replied the topic: Re: memory usage in Unix
Hi,

Using top commands you can find the memory utilization of each process.

To know more about it …
www.computerhope.com/unix/top.htm

few useful utility
mpstat reports processors statictics.
vmstat reports virtual memory statistics.
URL – www.scmgalaxy.com/unix-linux/linux-perfo…stat-and-vmstat.html
Regards,
Rajesh Kumar
Twitt me @ twitter.com/RajeshKumarIn

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You can find the memory used by a program (process) by looking into /proc directory or using standard command such as ps or top.

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Under Development

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What is epoch time?

The Unix epoch (or Unix time or POSIX time or Unix timestamp) is the number of seconds that have elapsed since January 1, 1970 (midnight UTC/GMT), not counting leap seconds (in ISO 8601: 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Literally speaking the epoch is Unix time 0 (midnight 1/1/1970), but ‘epoch’ is often used as a synonym for ‘Unix time’. Many Unix systems store epoch dates as a signed 32-bit integer, which might cause problems on January 19, 2038 (known as the Year 2038 problem or Y2038).

How to get the current epoch time in …

Convert from human readable date to epoch

Perl	Use the Perl Epoch routines
PHP	mktime(hour, minute, second, month, day, year)
Ruby	Time.local(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, usec ) (or Time.gm for GMT/UTC input). To display add .to_i
Python	import time first, then int(time.mktime(time.strptime(‘2000-01-01 12:34:00’, ‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S’))) – time.timezone
Java	long epoch = new java.text.SimpleDateFormat (“MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss”).parse(“01/01/1970 01:00:00”).getTime();
VBScript/ASP	DateDiff(“s”, “01/01/1970 00:00:00”, time field)
C	Use the C Epoch Converter routines
R	as.numeric(as.POSIXct(“MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss”, origin=”1970-01-01″))
MySQL	SELECT unix_timestamp(time) Time format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS or YYMMDD or YYYYMMDD More on using Epoch timestamps with MySQL
PostgreSQL	SELECT extract(epoch FROM date(‘2000-01-01 12:34’)); With timestamp: SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE ‘2001-02-16 20:38:40-08’); With interval: SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM INTERVAL ‘5 days 3 hours’);
SQL Server	SELECT DATEDIFF(s, ‘1970-01-01 00:00:00’, time field)
JavaScript	Use the JavaScript Date object
Unix/Linux Shell	date +%s -d”Jan 1, 1980 00:00:01″ Replace ‘-d’ with ‘-ud’ to input in GMT/UTC time.

Convert from epoch to human readable date

Perl	Use the Perl Epoch routines
PHP	date(output format, epoch); Output format example: ‘r’ = RFC 2822 date
Ruby	Time.at(epoch)
Python	import time first, then time.strftime(“%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S +0000”, time.localtime(epoch)) Replace time.localtime with time.gmtime for GMT time.
Java	String date = new java.text.SimpleDateFormat(“MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss”).format(new java.util.Date (epoch*1000));
VBScript/ASP	DateAdd(“s”, epoch, “01/01/1970 00:00:00”)
C	Use the C Epoch Converter routines
R	as.POSIXct(epoch, origin=”1970-01-01″)
MySQL	from_unixtime(epoch, optional output format) The default output format is YYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS more …
PostgreSQL	PostgreSQL version 8.1 and higher: SELECT to_timestamp(epoch); Older versions: SELECT TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE ‘epoch’ + epoch * INTERVAL ‘1 second’;
Oracle PL/SQL	SELECT to_date(’01-JAN-1970′,’dd-mon-yyyy’)+(1326357743/60/60/24) from dual Replace 1326357743 with epoch.
SQL Server	DATEADD(s, epoch, ‘1970-01-01 00:00:00’)
Microsoft Excel	=(A1 / 86400) + 25569 Format the result cell for date/time, the result will be in GMT time (A1 is the cell with the epoch number). For other time zones: =((A1 +/- time zone adjustment) / 86400) + 25569.
Crystal Reports	DateAdd(“s”, {EpochTimeStampField}-14400, #1/1/1970 00:00:00#) -14400 used for Eastern Standard Time. See Time Zones.
JavaScript	Use the JavaScript Date object
Tcl/Tk	clock format 1325376000
Unix/Linux Shell	date -d @1190000000 Replace 1190000000 with your epoch, needs recent version of ‘date’. Replace ‘-d’ with ‘-ud’ for GMT/UTC time.
PowerShell	Function get-epochDate ($epochDate) { [timezone]::CurrentTimeZone.ToLocalTime(([datetime]’1/1/1970′).AddSeconds($epochDate)) }, then use: get-epochDate 1279152364. Works for Windows PowerShell v1 and v2
Other OS’s	Command line: perl -e “print scalar(localtime(epoch))” (If Perl is installed) Replace ‘localtime’ with ‘gmtime’ for GMT/UTC time.

Reference

http://www.epochconverter.com/

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To find a program not on this list (and there are hundreds), try the man program with the -k option followed by a keyword, for example,
man -k tape
to find all on-line manual entries that refer to programs that work with tapes.

Terminal control characters for C-shell (csh)

Also see a list of special characters that should not be used in filenames.

Login and authentication

Information

File management

Display contents of files

Directories

Disks

Special character handling for C-shell (See man csh)

Controlling program execution for C-shell (See man csh)

Controlling program input/output for C-shell (See man csh)

Email and communication

Editors and formatting utilities

X Window client programs (output to X terminal or server)

TeX typesetting system

Printing (BSD based)

Interpreted languages and data manipulation utilities

Graphics and mapping

Networking/communications

Compilers, interpreters and programming tools

Programming libraries (see man library_name)

Tape manipulation and archiving

The post Common unix commands and utilities | unix commands and utilities Guide appeared first on scmGalaxy.

UNIX SED Introduction

· Sed is a “non-interactive” stream-oriented editor. Since its an “non-interactive” it can be used to automate editing.

· This allows you to edit multiple files, or to perform common editing operations without opening VI or emacs.

· Sed reads from a file or from its standard input and outputs to its standard output.

· Sed has two buffers which are called pattern buffer and hold buffer. Both are initially empty.

UNIX Sed Working Method

This is called as one execution cycle. Cycle continues till end of file/input is reached.

1. Read a entire line from stdin/file.

2. Removes any trailing newline.

3. Places the line, in its pattern buffer.

4. Modify the pattern buffer according to the supplied commands

5. Print the pattern buffer to stdout.

Printing Operation in Sed

Linux Sed command allows you to print only specific lines based on the line number or pattern matches. “p” is a command for printing the data from the pattern buffer.

Syntax:

# sed -n ‘ADDRESS’p filename

# sed -n ‘/PATTERN/p’ filename

Create the txt file sample.txt that will be used in all examples below.

# cat sample.txt

1. Linux – Sysadmin, Scripting etc.

2. Databases – Oracle, mySQL etc.

3. Hardware

4. Security (Firewall, Network, Online Security etc)

5. Storage

6. Cool gadgets and websites

7. Productivity (Too many technologies to explore)

8. Website Design

9. Software Development

10.Windows- Sysadmin, reboot etc.

Sed Address Format 1: NUMBER

This will only match Nth line in the input.

#sed –n ‘N’p filename

For example, 3p prints 3^rd line of the input file sample.txt as below

# sed -n ‘3’p thegeekstuff.txt

3. Hardware

Sed Address Format 2: NUMBER1~NUMBER2

M~N with “p” command prints every Nth line starting from line M.

# sed -n ‘M~N’p filename

For example, 3~2p prints every 2nd line starting from 3rd line as shown below.

# sed -n '3~2'p thegeekstuff.txt

3. Hardware

5. Storage

7. Productivity (Too many technologies to explore)

9. Software Development

Sed Address Format 3: START,END

M,N with “p” command prints Mth line to Nth line.

# sed -n ‘M,N’p filename

For example, 4,8p prints from 4th line to 8th line from input file thegeekstuff.txt

# sed -n ‘4,8’p thegeekstuff.txt

4. Security (Firewall, Network, Online Security etc)

5. Storage

6. Cool gadgets and websites

7. Productivity (Too many technologies to explore)

8. Website Design

Sed Address Format 4: ‘$’ Last Line

$ with “p” command matches only the last line from the input.

# sed -n ‘$’p filename

For example, $p prints only the last line as shown below.

# sed -n '$'p thegeekstuff.txt

10.Windows- Sysadmin, reboot etc.

Sed Address Format 5: NUMBER,$

N,$ with “p” command prints from Nth line to end of file.

# sed -n ‘N,$p’ filename

For example 4,$p prints from 4th line to end of file.

# sed -n '4,$p' thegeekstuff.txt

4. Security (Firewall, Network, Online Security etc)

5. Storage

6. Cool gadgets and websites

7. Productivity (Too many technologies to explore)

8. Website Design

9. Software Development

10.Windows- Sysadmin, reboot etc.

Sed Pattern Format 1: PATTERN

PATTERN could be unix regular expression. The below command prints only the line which matches the given pattern.

# sed -n /PATTERN/p filename

For example, following prints the line only which matches the pattern “Sysadmin”.

# sed -n /Sysadmin/p thegeekstuff.txt

1. Linux - Sysadmin, Scripting etc.

10.Windows- Sysadmin, reboot etc.

Sed Pattern Format 2: /PATTERN/,ADDRESS

# sed -n ‘/PATTERN/,Np’ filename

For example, following prints lines which matches the pattern to Nth line, from input. 3rd line matches the pattern “Hardware”, so it prints from 3rd line to 6th line.

# sed -n '/Hardware/,6p' thegeekstuff.txt

3. Hardware

4. Security (Firewall, Network, Online Security etc)

5. Storage

6. Cool gadgets and websites

Sed Pattern Format 3: ADDRESS,/PATTERN/

It prints from the Nth line of the input, to the line which matches the pattern. If the pattern doesnt match, it prints upto end of the input.

# sed -n ‘N,/PATTERN/p’ filename

For example, 4th line matches the pattern “Security”, so it prints from 3rd line to 4th line.

# sed -n '3,/Security/p' thegeekstuff.txt

3. Hardware

4. Security (Firewall, Network, Online Security etc)

Sed Pattern Format 4: /PATTERN/,$

It prints from the line matches the given pattern to end of file.

# sed -n ‘/PATTERN/,$p’ filename

# sed -n '/Website/,$p' thegeekstuff.txt

8. Website Design

9. Software Development

10.Windows- Sysadmin, reboot etc.

Sed Pattern Format 5: /PATTERN/,+N

It prints the lines which matches the pattern and next N lines following the matched line.

# sed -n ‘/PATTERN/,+Np’ filename

For example, following prints the 5th line which matches the pattern /Storage/ and next two lines following /Storage/.

# sed -n '/Storage/,+2p' thegeekstuff.txt

5. Storage

6. Cool gadgets and websites

7. Productivity (Too many technologies to explore)

Sed Pattern Format 6: /PATTERN/,/PATTERN/

Prints the section of file between two regular expression (including the matched line ).

# sed -n ‘/P1/,/P2/p’ filename

For example, 5th line matches “Storage” and 8th line matches “Design”, so it prints 5th to 8th.

# sed -n '/Storage/,/Design/p' thegeekstuff.txt

5. Storage

6. Cool gadgets and websites

7. Productivity (Too many technologies to explore)

8. Website Design

Delete File Lines Using Address and pattern in Sed

“p” command prints the buffer (Remember to use “-n” option with “p”)

“d” command is just opposite, it’s for deletion. “d” will delete the pattern space buffer and immediately starts the next cycle.

Syntax:

# sed ‘ADDRESS’d filename

# sed /PATTERN/d filename

Delete the Nth line.

“Nd” delete the Nth line and prints the other lines.

For example, 3d deletes 3^rd line and prints other lines.

$sed 3d sample.txt

Delete Starting from 3^rd line and every 2^nd line from there.

$sed ‘3~2d’ sample.txt

Delete from 4ht to 8^th line from file

$sed ‘4,8d’ sample.txt

Delete the last line from input

$sed ‘$d’ sample.txt

Delete the line which matches the given pattern from input

$sed /Sysadmin/d sample.txt

Delete the line from which matches the given pattern to end of the file

$sed ‘/Website/ ,$d’ sample.txt

Delete the line from which matches the given pattern and 2 lines next to that

$sed ‘Storage/ ,+2d’ sample.txt

Delete blank line from a file using sed.

$sed ‘/^$/d’ sample.txt

The post Unix Sed Quick Reference appeared first on scmGalaxy.

Grep scans its input for a pattern, and can display the selected pattern, the line numbers of the filenames where the pattern occurs, The command uses the following syntax

grep options pattern filesname(s)

grep searches for pattern in one or more filenames.

Example for Grep command:

1. grep “sales” emp.lst
2. grep “director” emp1.lst emp2.lst
3. grep ‘jai sharma’ emp.lst
4. grep “jai Sharma $var” emp.lst

—————-Grep options—————————

Ignoring Case (i) When you look for a name, but you are not sure of the case, grep offers the –i (ignore) option which ignores case for patteen matching.

> Grep –i ‘agarwal’ emp.lst

Deleting Lines  or Inverse(-v): -v (inverse) option selects all except lines containing the pattern. Thus, you can create a file other list containing all but director.

> Grep –v “director” emp.lst > other list

Displaying line Numbers (-n): The –n(number) options displays the line numbers containing the pattern, along with the lines:

> grep –n ‘marketing’ emp.lst

Counting Line Containing patterns (-c): The –c (count) option counts the number of lines containing the pattern ( which is not the same as number of occurrences).

1. grep –c director emp.lst
2. grep –c director emp*.lst

Displaying Filenames (-l): The –l (list) option displays only the files names of files containing the pattern.

> grep –l ‘manager’ *.lst

Matching Multiple Patterns(-e): With the –e option, you can match the three agarwals by using grep like this:

> grep –e “Agarwal” –e “aggarwal” –e “agarwal” emp.lst

Taking patterns from a file (-f): we can place all patterns in a separate file, one pattern per lin. Grep takes inputs from there with the –f option:

> grep –f pattern.lst emp.lst

The post Unix Command: Grep – Quick Reference – Pattern – Examples – Options appeared first on scmGalaxy.

Set properties HOMEDIR in build.xml which will be set through user logged in the current system..

Example:

<project name=”test” default=”myhome”>

    <property environment=”env”/>

    <target name=”myhome”>

        <echo message=”My home is ${env.HOME}”/>

    </target>

</project>

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Basic of Unix Presentation

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