What is Ubuntu?

Ubuntu is a popular open-source Linux-based operating system developed and maintained by Canonical Ltd. It is designed to be user-friendly, secure, and versatile for both desktop and server environments. Ubuntu is based on Debian Linux and follows a regular release cycle, with Long-Term Support (LTS) versions supported for up to 5 years.

Ubuntu provides a complete operating system environment, including a graphical user interface (GUI), command-line tools, development libraries, and software repositories. It supports a wide range of hardware platforms and comes preloaded with essential applications and utilities.

Known for its stability and ease of use, Ubuntu is widely adopted by individuals, businesses, educational institutions, and cloud providers.

What Are the Major Use Cases of Ubuntu?

Ubuntu’s flexibility and robustness make it suitable for a variety of use cases:

1. Desktop Operating System

• Ideal for everyday users, developers, and professionals.
• Supports a wide range of software for office productivity, multimedia, programming, and gaming.

2. Server Operating System

• Powers web servers, database servers, mail servers, and file servers.
• Popular in enterprise and cloud environments due to stability and security.

3. Cloud and Virtualization

• Widely used in cloud computing platforms like AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, and OpenStack.
• Supports containerization technologies such as Docker and Kubernetes.

4. Development Platform

• Provides rich development tools and supports programming languages including Python, Java, C++, and more.
• Preferred for open-source software development and testing.

5. Education and Research

• Used in academic institutions for teaching operating systems, programming, and system administration.

6. IoT and Embedded Systems

• Lightweight Ubuntu Core variant used in Internet of Things devices.

How Ubuntu Works Along with Architecture

Ubuntu inherits its architecture from Linux and Debian, consisting of several layers working together to provide a full operating system:

Key Architectural Components:

1. Linux Kernel
   • The core of Ubuntu, managing hardware, system resources, and providing essential services like process management, memory management, device drivers, and file systems.
2. System Libraries
   • Libraries such as GNU C Library (glibc) provide APIs for system calls and basic functions.
3. System Daemons and Services
   • Background processes handling tasks like networking (NetworkManager), printing (CUPS), and logging (rsyslog).
4. Init System (systemd)
   • Responsible for bootstrapping the system and managing services during runtime.
5. User Interface
   • Ubuntu Desktop uses graphical environments like GNOME or KDE.
   • Ubuntu Server primarily uses command-line interfaces but can run GUIs if needed.
6. Package Management
   • Uses Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and DEB packages to manage software installation, updates, and dependencies.
7. User Applications
   • Desktop software, development tools, utilities, and server applications installed as packages.

What Are the Basic Workflows of Ubuntu?

The workflow when using Ubuntu typically includes:

1. Installation
   • Download Ubuntu ISO and create bootable media.
   • Install Ubuntu via guided setup.
2. System Configuration
   • Set up user accounts, network, software sources, and system settings.
3. Package Management
   • Use APT to install, update, and remove software packages.
4. System Updates
   • Regularly update the OS and installed packages for security and feature improvements.
5. User Interaction
   • Use GUI or CLI for daily tasks such as file management, running applications, and system monitoring.
6. System Administration
   • Manage services, users, permissions, and backups.
7. Development and Deployment
   • Write and run software, deploy web and application servers.

Step-by-Step Getting Started Guide for Ubuntu

Step 1: Download Ubuntu

• Visit the official site: ubuntu.com/download
• Choose Desktop or Server version based on your needs.

Step 2: Create Bootable Installation Media

• Use tools like Rufus (Windows) or Etcher (cross-platform) to create a bootable USB drive.

Step 3: Install Ubuntu

• Boot from USB and follow installation prompts:
  • Select language, keyboard layout.
  • Choose installation type (dual boot or clean install).
  • Partition disk if needed.
  • Create user account.

Step 4: Post-Installation Setup

• Update system packages: sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
• Install essential software using: sudo apt install <package_name>

Step 5: Explore the Desktop or Server

• For Desktop, familiarize yourself with GNOME interface, software center, terminal.
• For Server, learn basic CLI commands, SSH setup, and service management.

Step 6: Configure Networking and Security

• Set up firewall using ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall): sudo ufw enable sudo ufw allow ssh
• Configure network interfaces if required.

Step 7: Customize and Extend

• Install additional drivers, themes, or development tools.
• Explore snap packages for easy app installation: sudo snap install <app_name>

Step 8: Backup and Maintenance

• Set up automated backups.
• Regularly update the system.

The post Exploring Ubuntu: Overview, Use Cases, Architecture, and Getting Started appeared first on scmGalaxy.

Step 1 – Download & Install Grafana
Download Grafana RPM file RPM for Linux from https://grafana.com/grafana/download?platform=linux

# Ubuntu & Debian
$ wget https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/grafana-releases/release/grafana_5.2.2_amd64.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i grafana_5.2.2_amd64.deb

Step 2 – Understand Grafana Installation details in Ubuntu/Debian

1. Installs binary to /usr/sbin/grafana-server
2. Installs Init.d script to /etc/init.d/grafana-server
3. Creates default file (environment vars) to /etc/default/grafana-server
4. Installs configuration file to /etc/grafana/grafana.ini
5. Installs systemd service (if systemd is available) name grafana-server.service
6. The default configuration sets the log file at /var/log/grafana/grafana.log
7. The default configuration specifies an sqlite3 db at /var/lib/grafana/grafana.db
8. Installs HTML/JS/CSS and other Grafana files at /usr/share/grafana

Step 3 – Start the server (init.d service)

$ sudo service grafana-server start

This will start the grafana-server process as the grafana user, which was created during the package installation. The default HTTP port is 3000 and default user and group is admin.

Step 4 – Configure the Grafana server to start at boot time

$ sudo update-rc.d grafana-server defaults
$ systemctl daemon-reload
$ systemctl start grafana-server
$ systemctl status grafana-server
$ sudo systemctl enable grafana-server.service

Step 5 – Grafana server Environment file
The systemd service file and init.d script both use the file located at /etc/default/grafana-server for environment variables used when starting the back-end. Here you can override log directory, data directory and other variables.

Step 6 – Grafana server Log
By default Grafana will log to /var/log/grafana

Step 7 – Grafana Database
The default configuration specifies a sqlite3 database located at /var/lib/grafana/grafana.db.

You can also use MySQL or Postgres as the Grafana database, as detailed on
http://docs.grafana.org/installation/configuration/#database

Step 7 – Grafana configuration
The configuration file is located at /etc/grafana/grafana.ini. Go the Configuration page for details on all those options. You can add following data sources

1. Graphite
2. InfluxDB
3. OpenTSDB
4. Prometheus

Step 8 – Server side image rendering
Server side image (png) rendering is a feature that is optional but very useful when sharing visualizations, for example in alert notifications.

$ yum install fontconfig
$ yum install freetype*
$ yum install urw-fonts

Step 9 – How to access the Grafana dashboard

http://13.232.27.156:3000/
User name – admin
Password – admin

The post Install and Configure Grafana in Ubuntu and Debian appeared first on scmGalaxy.

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E17 is a lightweight window manager/bundle of libraries for Unix based operating systems. E17 is designed to be both elegant and fast – two goals it succeeds at very well. The only problem is that installing E17 on Ubuntu (and it’s derivatives) is not a very straight forward process if you have never done it before, the following are the steps I have taken to get the E17 environment up and running on Ubuntu 9.10 (however it should work for all Ubuntu based systems).

Step 1: Install the build dependencies, to do this simply paste the following chunk of code into your favorite terminal and let it work it’s magik

sudo apt-get install xterm make gcc bison flex subversion cvs automake1.10 autoconf autotools-dev autoconf-archive libtool gettext libpam0g-dev libfreetype6-dev libpng12-dev zlib1g-dev libjpeg62-dev libtiff4-dev libungif4-dev librsvg2-dev libx11-dev libxcursor-dev libxrender-dev libxrandr-dev libxfixes-dev libxdamage-dev libxcomposite-dev libxss-dev libxp-dev libxext-dev libxinerama-dev libxft-dev libxfont-dev libxi-dev libxv-dev libxkbfile-dev libxkbui-dev libxres-dev libxtst-dev libltdl7-dev libglu1-xorg-dev libglut3-dev xserver-xephyr libdbus-1-dev liblua5.1-0-dev

Step 2: Now that we have all the dependencies installed, we are going to use the easy e17 script to download, compile, and install e17 from SVN. To do so click on the link I just provided to download the script. Then assuming you downloaded the file to the default Downloads folder run the following in terminal to get the install going

cd ~/Downloads && chmod +x easy_e17.sh && sudo ./easy_e17.sh -i

Go get a cup of coffee or something, the length of time the above command takes to complete depends on your Internet connection and computer speed.

Step 3: Now assuming the commands you ran in step 2 finishes without issues/errors check the output in terminal, it should mention some “environmental variables” that need to be set. Copy and paste each of the export lines it lists to you and run them in terminal.

Step 4: We need to copy the elightenment .desktop file to the proper location in your shared folder so it appears as a log in option in gdm/kdm. To do so run the following in terminal

sudo cp /opt/e17/share/xsessions/elightenment.desktop /usr/share/xsessions/enlightenment.desktop

Log out of your current desktop and select “Enlightenment” from the log in options you are presented with in your login manager.

Enjoy your new E17 powered desktop! Also please remember E17 is considered beta software – so it is not encouraged to use it on production machines. Lastly I would like to also say that while the default configuration of e17 appears crude at first, this is intentional. E17 is extremely customizable. Play with settings, move things around, add and remove objects and you will see creating a beautiful and customized desktop is just a few clicks away!

Source:

http://jeffhoogland.blogspot.com/2010/05/howto-install-e17-from-svnsource-on.html

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